![]() ![]() Although the initial patterns of NCC segmentation and migration are mainly conserved between species, the wide diversity of vertebrate craniofacial morphologies indicates that cranial NCC subpopulations are able to generate distinctive, species-specific skeletal structures. Rostral cranial NCCs extensively contribute to the frontonasal skeleton and the membranous bones of the skull, whereas more posterior cranial NCCs fill the pharyngeal arches (PAs) (see Glossary, Box 1), where they form the jaw, middle ear, hyoid and thyroid cartilages ( Couly et al., 1993 Köntges and Lumsden, 1996 Noden, 1983) (for reviews, see Gross and Hanken, 2008 McBratney-Owen et al., 2008 Santagati and Rijli, 2003). Moreover, in the cranial region, NCCs contribute to most of the cartilage and bone of the skull, facial and pharyngeal skeletons. Following induction, NCCs delaminate and migrate to different regions of the embryo, where they differentiate into a broad range of cell types, including peripheral and enteric neurons, glia, melanocytes and smooth muscle ( Gammill and Bronner-Fraser, 2003 Le Douarin and Kalcheim, 1999 Morales et al., 2005 Steventon et al., 2005). ![]() ![]() The neural crest cells (NCCs) (see Glossary, Box 1) are a migratory cell population specific to vertebrates that originates from the dorsal part of the developing neural tube.
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